Reliable population estimates are vital to wildlife conservation, management, and understanding ecological theory. Climate change is expected to alter the behaviour of large mammals while altering snow cover frequently used to detect northern mammals. Philip is using fine-scale GPS-collar data, aerial survey, and simulations to develop methods of estimating spatially heterogeneous populations of unmarked animals where the probability of detection is associated with dynamic environmental conditions and behaviours. This research is timely given increasingly variable weather and is intended to support resource managers, hunters, and Indigenous communities that rely on moose and other northern ungulates for their well-being.